联合国《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》(1999)

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999)

背景：国际恐怖主义行为的次数和严重性在很大程度上依赖恐怖主义份子可以获得多少资助而定，因而向恐怖主义提供资助是整个国际社会严重关注的问题。在此以前多边法律文书并没有专门处理这种资助，所以迫切需要增强各国之间的国际合作，制定和采取有效的措施以防止向恐怖主义提供资助和通过起诉及惩罚实施恐怖主义行为者来加以制止。在1999年12月9日第五十四届联合国大会上，通过了《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》，补充了现有的国际相关文书在此方面的不足。该公约于2002年生效。中国已于2001年11月14日签署了该公约。

该公约共28条，其中的第18条论及了在面临与反洗钱有关的可疑的交易情况时金融机构应采取的控制办法，同时通过缔约国加强进一步的国际合作来防止犯罪行为的发生。现将该公约中与反洗钱有关的内容摘录如下。

第18条：

1.缔约国应合作防止发生第2条所述罪行，采取一切切实可行的措施，除其他外包括在必要时修改其，并采取措施确保此类机构核实此类交易真实拥有人的身份；国内立法，防止和遏制在其境内为在其境内或境外实施这些罪行进行准备工作，包括：

（a）采取措施禁止蓄意鼓励、怂恿、组织或从事实施第2条所述罪行的人和组织在其境内进行非法活动；

（b）采取措施规定金融机构和从事金融交易的其他行业使用现行效率最高的措施查证其惯常客户或临时客户，以及由他人代其开立账户的客户的身份，并特别注意不寻常的或可疑的交易情况和报告怀疑为源自犯罪活动的交易。为此目的，缔约国应考虑：

（一）订立条例禁止开立持有人或受益人身份不明或无法查证的账户 

（二）在法律实体的查证方面，规定金融机构在必要时采取措施，从公共登记册或客户，或从两者处取得成立公司的证明，包括客户的名称、法律形式、地址、董事会成员以及规定实体立约权力的章程等资料，以核实客户的合法存在和结构；

（三）制定条例迫使金融机构承担义务向主管当局迅速报告所有并无任何明显的经济目的或显而易见的合法目的的、复杂、不寻常的巨额交易以及不寻常的交易方式，无须担心因诚意告发而承担违反披露资料限制的刑事或民事责任；

（四）规定各金融机构将有关国内和国际交易的一切必要记录至少保存五年；
 

2.缔约国应进一步合作，通过考虑下列手段，防止发生第2条所述的罪行：
   （a）采取措施监督所有汇款机构，包括例如审批其营业执照；
    （b）采取可行措施，以发现或监测现金和无记名可转让票据的实际越境交送，但须有严格保障措施，以确保情报使用得当和资本的自由流通不受任何阻碍。

 3.缔约国应进一步合作，防止发生第2条所述罪行，按照其国内法交换经核实的准确情报，并协调为防止实施第2条所述罪行而酌情采取的行政及其他措施，特别是：

（a）在各主管机构和厅处之间建立和维持联系渠道，以便就第2条所述罪行的所有方面安全、迅速交换资料；

（b）相互合作就第2条所述罪行的下列方面进行调查：

（一）有理由怀疑是参与了这类犯罪的人的身份、行踪和活动；

（二）同这类犯罪有关的资金的流动情况。

4.缔约国可通过国际刑事警察组织（刑警组织）交换情报。

Article 18：

1. States Parties shall cooperate in the prevention of the offences set forth in article 2 by taking all practicable measures, inter alia,[1] by adapting their domestic legislation, if necessary, to prevent and counter preparations in their respective territories for the commission of those offences within or outside their territories, including:

(a) Measures to prohibit in their territories illegal activities of persons and organizations that knowingly encourage, instigate5, organize or engage in the commission of offences set forth in article 2;

(b) Measures requiring financial institutions and other professions involved in financial transactions to utilize the most efficient measures available for the identification of their usual or occasional customers, as well as customers in whose interest accounts are opened, and to pay special attention to unusual or suspicious transactions and report transactions suspected of stemming from a criminal activity. For this purpose, States Parties shall consider:

(i) Adopting regulations prohibiting the opening of accounts the holders or beneficiaries of which are unidentified or unidentifiable, and measures to ensure that such institutions verify the identity of the real owners of such transactions;

(ii) With respect to the identification of legal entities, requiring financial institutions, when necessary, to take measures to verify the legal existence and the structure of the customer by obtaining, either from a public register or from the customer or both, proof of incorporation, including information concerning the customers name, legal form, address, directors and provisions regulating the power to bind the entity;

(iii) Adopting regulations imposing on financial institutions the obligation to report promptly to the competent authorities all complex, unusual large transactions and unusual patterns of transactions, which have no apparent economic or obviously lawful purpose, without fear of assuming criminal or civil liability for breach of any restriction on disclosure of information if they report their suspicions in good faith; [2]

(iv) Requiring financial institutions to maintain, for at least five years, all necessary records on transactions, both domestic or international.

2. States Parties shall further cooperate in the prevention of offences set forth in article 2 by considering:

(a) Measures for the supervision, including, for example, the licensing, of all money transmission agencies[3];

(b) Feasible measures to detect or monitor the physical cross-border transportation[4] of cash and bearer negotiable instruments[5], subject to strict safeguards to ensure proper use of information and without impeding inany way the freedom of capital movements.

3. States Parties shall further cooperate in the prevention of the offences set forth in article 2 by exchanging accurate and verified information in accordance with their domestic law and coordinating administrative and other measures taken, as appropriate, to prevent the commission of offences set forth in article 2, in particular by:

(a) Establishing and maintaining channels of communication between their competent agencies and services to facilitate the secure and rapid exchange of information concerning all aspects of offences set forth in article 2;

(b) Cooperating with one another in conducting inquiries, with respect to the offences set forth in article 2, concerning:

(i) The identity, whereabouts[6] and activities of persons in respect of whom reasonable suspicion exists that they are involved in such offences;

(ii) The movement of funds relating to the commission of such offences.

4. States Parties may exchange information through the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).

[1] inter alia:除了别的以外

5 instigate[5insti^eit]  教唆

[2] Adopting regulations …… if they report their suspicions in good faith:制定条例迫使金融机构承担义务向主管当局迅速报告所有并无任何明显的经济目的或显而易见的合法目的的、复杂、不寻常的巨额交易以及不寻常的交易方式，无须担心因诚意告发而承担违反限制披露信息的规定的刑事或民事责任。

[3] money transmission agencies:汇款机构

[4] physical cross-border transportation:实物跨境交送

[5] bearer negotiable instruments:不记名可转让票据，无需背书即可转让。

[6] Whereabouts[5(h)wZErE5bauts] 所在