联合国《反腐败公约》(2003)

United Nations Convention against Corruption (2003)

背景：第五十八届联合国大会于2003年10月31日通过《反腐败公约》，2003年12月9日起开放签署，公约将在第30个签署国批准后第90天生效。这是联合国历史上通过的第一部指导国际反腐败斗争的法律文件。中国已于2003年12月10日签署了此公约。公约分八章七十一条，对如下问题作了法律规范：“腐败”的概念，“公职人员”的概念和其他相关的概念，挪用或转用犯罪、财产非法增加罪、贿赂外国官员和国际组织官员行为的定罪、“双重犯罪原则”的适用、在引渡合作中不将腐败犯罪视为“政治犯罪”、被非法转移国外资产的追回机制、被追缴资产的返还或处置、被追缴资产的“分享”等，从而为世界各国政府执行对各种腐败行为的定罪、惩处、责任追究、预防、国际法律合作、资产追回以及履约监督机制提供了法律依据。 现摘录公约中第十四条预防洗钱的措施，第二十三条对犯罪所得的洗钱行为和第五十八条金融情报机构。

第十四条 预防洗钱的措施

一、各缔约国均应当：

㈠在其权限范围内，对银行和非银行金融机构，包括对办理资金或者价值转移正规或非正规业务的自然人或者法人，并在适当情况下对特别易于涉及洗钱的其他机构，建立全面的国内管理和监督制度，以便遏制并监测各种形式的洗钱，这种制度应当着重就验证客户身份和视情况验证实际受益人身份、保持记录和报告可疑交易作出规定；

㈡在不影响本公约第四十六条的情况下，确保行政、管理、执法和专门打击洗钱的其他机关（在本国法律许可时可以包括司法机关）能够根据本国法律规定的条件，在国家和国际一级开展合作和交换信息，并应当为此目的考虑建立金融情报机构，作为国家中心收集、分析和传递关于潜在洗钱活动的信息。

二、缔约国应当考虑实施可行的措施，监测和跟踪现金和有关流通票据跨境转移的情况，但必须有保障措施，以确保信息的正当使用而且不致以任何方式妨碍合法资本的移动。这类措施可以包括要求个人和企业报告大额现金和有关流通票据的跨境转移。

三、缔约国应当考虑实施适当而可行的措施，要求包括汇款业务机构在内的金融机构：

㈠ 在电子资金划拨单和相关电文中列入关于发端人的准确而有用的信息；

㈡ 在整个支付过程中保留这种信息；

㈢ 对发端人信息不完整的资金转移加强审查。

四、吁请缔约国在建立本条所规定的国内管理和监督制度时，在不影响本公约其他任何条款的情况下将区域、区域间和多边组织的有关反洗钱举措作为指南。

五、缔约国应当努力为打击洗钱而在司法机关、执法机关和金融监管机关之间开展和促进全球、区域、分区域及双边合作。

第二十三条 对犯罪所得的洗钱行为 

一、各缔约国均应当根据本国法律的基本原则采取必要的立法和其他措施，将下列故意实施的行为规定为犯罪： 

㈠ 1. 明知财产为犯罪所得，为隐瞒或者掩饰该财产的非法来源，或者为协助任何参与实施上游犯罪者逃避其行为的法律后果而转换或者转移该财产；

2. 明知财产为犯罪所得而隐瞒或者掩饰该财产的真实性质、来源、所在地、处分、转移、所有权或者有关的权利；

㈡ 在符合本国法律制度基本概念的情况下：

1. 在得到财产时，明知其为犯罪所得而仍获取、占有或者使用；

2. 对本条所确立的任何犯罪的参与、协同或者共谋实施、实施未遂以及协助、教唆、便利和参谋实施；

二、为实施或者适用本条第一款：

㈠ 各缔约国均应当寻求将本条第一款适用于范围最为广泛的上游犯罪； 

㈡ 各缔约国均应当至少将其根据本公约确立的各类犯罪列为上游犯罪；

㈢ 就上文第㈡项而言，上游犯罪应当包括在有关缔约国管辖范围之内和之外实施的犯罪。但是，如果犯罪发生在一缔约国管辖权范围之外，则只有当该行为根据其发生地所在国法律为犯罪，而且根据实施或者适用本条的缔约国的法律该行为若发生在该国也为犯罪时，才构成上游犯罪；

㈣ 各缔约国均应当向联合国秘书长提供其实施本条的法律以及这类法律随后的任何修改的副本或说明；

㈤ 在缔约国本国法律基本原则要求的情况下，可以规定本条第一款所列犯罪不适用于实施上游犯罪的人。

第五十八条 金融情报机构

缔约国应当相互合作，以预防和打击根据本公约确立的犯罪而产生的所得的转移，并推广追回这类所得的方式方法。为此，缔约国应当考虑设立金融情报机构，由其负责接收、分析和向主管机关转递可疑金融交易的报告。

Article 14

Measures to prevent money-laundering

1. Each State Party shall:

(a) Institute a comprehensive domestic regulatory and supervisory regime for banks and non-bank financial institutions, including natural or legal persons that provide formal or informal services for the transmission of money or value and, where appropriate, other bodies particularly susceptible to money-laundering, within its competence, in order to deter and detect all forms of money-laundering, which regime shall emphasize requirements for customer and, where appropriate, beneficial owner identification, record-keeping and the reporting of suspicious transactions;

(b) Without prejudice to article 46 of this Convention, ensure that administrative, regulatory, law enforcement and other authorities dedicated to combating money-laundering (including, where appropriate under domestic law, judicial authorities) have the ability to cooperate and exchange information at the national and international levels within the conditions prescribed by its domestic law and, to that end, shall consider the establishment of a financial intelligence unit to serve as a national centre for the collection, analysis and dissemination of information regarding potential money-laundering.

2. States Parties shall consider implementing feasible measures to detect and monitor the movement of cash and appropriate negotiable instruments across their borders, subject to safeguards to ensure proper use of information and without impeding in any way the movement of legitimate capital. Such measures may include a requirement that individuals and businesses report the cross-border transfer of substantial quantities of cash and appropriate negotiable instruments.

3. States Parties shall consider implementing appropriate and feasible measures to require financial institutions, including money remitters[1]:

(a) To include on forms for the electronic transfer of funds[2] and related messages accurate and meaningful information on the originator[3];

(b) To maintain such information throughout the payment chain; and

(c) To apply enhanced scrutiny[4] to transfers of funds that do not contain complete   information on the originator.

4. In establishing a domestic regulatory and supervisory regime under the terms of this article, and without prejudice to any other article of this Convention, States Parties are called upon to use as a guideline the relevant initiatives of regional, interregional and multilateral organizations against money-laundering.

5. States Parties shall endeavour to develop and promote global, regional, subregional and bilateral cooperation among judicial, law enforcement and financial regulatory authorities in order to combat money-laundering.

Article 23

Laundering of proceeds of crime

1. Each State Party shall adopt, in accordance with fundamental principles of its domestic law, such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally:

(a) (i) The conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such property is the proceeds of crime, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property or of helping any person who is involved in the commission of the predicate offence to evade the legal consequences of his or her action;

(ii) The concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement or ownership of or rights with respect to property, knowing that such property is the proceeds of crime;

(b) Subject to the basic concepts of its legal system:

(i) The acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing, at the time of receipt, that such property is the proceeds of crime;

(ii) Participation in, association with or conspiracy to commit, attempts to commit and aiding, abetting, facilitating and counselling the commission of any of the offences established in accordance with this article.

2.  For purposes of implementing or applying paragraph 1 of this article:

(a) Each State Party shall seek to apply paragraph 1 of this article to the widest range of predicate offences;

(b) Each State Party shall include as predicate offences at a minimum a comprehensive range of criminal offences established in accordance with this Convention;

(c) For the purposes of subparagraph (b) above, predicate offences shall include offences committed both within and outside the jurisdiction of the State Party in question. However, offences committed outside the jurisdiction of a State Party shall constitute predicate offences only when the relevant conduct is a criminal offence under the domestic law of the State where it is committed and would be a criminal offence under the domestic law of the State Party implementing or applying this article had it been committed there;

(d) Each State Party shall furnish copies of its laws that give effect to this article and of any subsequent changes to such laws or a description thereof to the Secretary-General of the United Nations;

(e) If required by fundamental principles of the domestic law of a State Party, it may be provided that the offences set forth in paragraph 1 of this article do not apply to the persons who committed the predicate offence.

Article 58

Financial intelligence unit

States Parties shall cooperate with one another for the purpose of preventing and combating the transfer of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention and of promoting ways and means of recovering such proceeds and, to that end, shall consider establishing a financial intelligence unit to be responsible for receiving, analysing and disseminating to the competent authorities reports of suspicious financial transactions.

[1] remitter [ri5mitE] 汇款业务机构, 汇款人

[2] electronic transfer of funds:电子转账。指任何基于发起人的利益（自然人或法人），由金融机构通过电子方式进行的交易。这使得在另一个金融机构的受益人能够获得一笔资金。发起人和受益人可能是同一个人。

[3] originator[E`rIdVEneItE(r)] 发起人。发起人是账户的持有者。如果没有账户，发起人指要求金融机构进行电子转账的人(自然人或法人)。

[4] scrutiny[5skru:tini] 详细审查